Using SQLite database in mobile apps

On the device, Genero Mobile uses the SQLite database only.

Running an app in development mode

When running an app in development mode (where the app runs on a computer), you can use any database server that Genero supports for the operating system of the server-side app.

Running an app on a mobile device

When running the application on the device, only SQLite can be used. The database must be created at the first application execution, or it must be delivered as the default database in the .ipa or .apk package.

Locale character set and length semantics

SQLite stores data in UTF-8 codeset, mobile apps will by default run in UTF-8 and with character length semantics (FGL_LENGTH_SEMANTICS=CHAR).

Creating the database

Mobile applications usually create their database at first execution. The SQLite database file must be created in the application sandbox, in a writable directory. If the database file does not exist in the current working directory (os.Path.pwd()), create an empty file and then perform a CONNECT TO instruction.

For more details, see Creating a database from programs.

Providing a default database

SQLite database file format is cross-platform. Instead of creating the database the first time the application starts, you might want to prepare a default database file in your development environment, and include it in the .ipa / .apk package.

Data types with SQLite

SQLite does not have strict data type checking as traditional databases. If you define a table column as a DECIMAL, you can still store character values in that column. Pay attention to this SQLite specific feature, to avoid invalid storage and type conversion errors in your application.

Consider using the following data types for maximum portability, especially when data needs to be synchronized with a central database server, where the data types must match to the types used in the mobile application: CHAR, VARCHAR, DATE, DATETIME YEAR TO MINUTE, DATETIME YEAR TO FRACTION(3), DECIMAL, SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT, BYTE, TEXT.

Optimizing data changes

SQLite can be slow at doing commits, due to the data integrity technique used for transactions. Since each INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE statements acts as an individual transaction (i.e., auto-commit), there will be as many transactions/commits as data manipulation statements. For example, it takes about 10 seconds to insert 1000 rows on an Intel core i7 2.60GHz CPU / 5400.0 RPM HDD computer.

When executing code that modifies a lot of rows (for example, when inserting default data at first application execution, or when doing synchronization with a central database), enclose the SQL statements within a BEGIN WORK / COMMIT WORK transaction block to speed up the process:
BEGIN WORK
FOR i=1 TO mylog.getLength()
    -- INSERT / UPDATE / DELETE statements
END FOR
COMMIT WORK

Enforcing foreign key constraints

SQLite 3.6.19 and + support foreign key constraints, with ON DELETE CASCADE and ON UPDATE CASCADE options. By default, however, foreign key constraints are not enforced. Each application must explicitly turn on the feature with a PRAGMA command. Immediately after the database connection, you can perform the PRAGMA command in an EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement:

CONNECT TO connstr AS "c1"
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE "PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON"

Truncating the SQLite database file

By default, when deleting rows, SQLite keeps the unused database file pages for future storage. As result, when deleting a large amount of data, the database file might be larger than necessary. Consider truncating the database file with the VACUUM SQL command (in an EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement), if disk space is limited and when a lot of database rows were deleted.

Depending on the application, the VACUUM command can be executed:

  • when starting the application, just after connecting to the database,
  • after doing a large database operation (such as a synchronization with a central database),
  • as a manual option that the user can trigger.
For example, after connecting to the database:
CONNECT TO connstr AS "c1"
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE "VACUUM"

Sharing database files between Android apps

Two different Android™ apps (each packaged as a separate .apk) execute in their own sandbox, but have access to the storage area (SD-CARD) and therefore can share a common database file.

SQLite handles concurrent access to the same database file by setting a lock on the entire db file when modifying data (INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE). By default, if a writer process locks the file, other processes must wait until the lock owner process completes its transaction and releases the lock.

Because of Informix® compatibility, Genero BDL uses a default lock timeout or zero (i.e., not waiting for locks to be released). As result, when writing to a database file that is locked by another process, if the isolation level is SERIALIZATION (the default with SQLite), an application will get the SQL error -244.

To avoid this problem, you must change the default lock timeout with the SET LOCK MODE instruction, after starting the database session:
CONNECT TO connstr AS "c1"
SET LOCK MODE TO 5 -- seconds

The second process will then wait until the first process releases the lock. If transactions are short (milliseconds), having processes waiting for each other is transparent to the user.